يجهت جبيعت حكريج نهعهىو انسراعيت ان جهذ) 23 ( انعذد) 3123( )2 ( ISSN GIS. Landsat KeyWords: Digital Analysis, GIS, Salahddin
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1 يجهت جبيعت حكريج نهعهىو انسراعيت ان جهذ) ( انعذد) ( ) ( ISSN GIS Landsat 7 Arc GIS 9. TM Erdas Use of Digital Analysis and GIS in Identification of Soil MapUunits of West Makhool Area of Salahddin Province Ammar S. Ismaeel, Khudayer Z. Dhahi and Sabbar A. Saleh Department of Soil and Water-College of Agriculture-Tikrit University. KeyWords: Digital Analysis, GIS, Salahddin Correspondence: Ammar S. Ismaeel Department of Soil and Water- College of Agriculture-Tikrit University Received:6-6-0 Accepted:8-9-0 Abstract : This study was posed to understand the ability of remote sensing technology and GIS as a tool to inhance soil survey operations throughout identification of soil map units. Three space images taken by Thematic Mapper sensor (TM) of Landsat 7 as well as geological, topographic, and soil survey map were used as reference data. Erdas 8.6 arc GIS 9.. were used as softwares. Spectral bands of highest coefficent of variation (c.v) were selected to be used for identification of band surface variation of the study area. Digital analysis of space images was carried out and supervised and unsupervised classification were also performed for the study area. Results of remote sensing indicated that selected spectral bands, and 7 of image taken during the year and bands,5, and 7 of images taken during the year represent the best combination to be used in image classification for soil map units identification purposes. However sand dunes and sand sheet units appeared to be distiguished and isolated classes where as salt-affected, calcareous and gypsiferous soils appeared in some cases as distiguished classes and in other cases overlaped. Results also indicated that unsupervised classification consisted of six classes was the best choice for identification of soil map units in this particular area.the unsupervised classification had a high capability of preparing preliminary soil maps, and providing similar classes of those prepared by the 9 classes supervised classification. Results also indicated that the role of GIS software in map correction is very important throughout over lapping similar features appeared on space image and other maps.in addition, soil map units can be identified and drawn depending on supervised and unsupervised classification methods which may reduce efforts and costs of soil survey operations. Moreover data results can be stored and reused again whenever are needed. 47
2 Parry, 987 Supervised Unsupervised وفي ضىء ما تمدم وتىصالد مددت تمددم تم ادداش صر عنددعا أددم عددم ومات ددج صا عةىمدداش صا صفاددج و خاالج فدي م داإ دأدمصر ئد صلت صاعد تهدم صام ص دج داد محاوادج تحميدم وحمصش صاع في صا طمج ا عخمص ط ق صاعص اف صا ل ي ( صا ىجد وغا صا ىج ) ثم م ودأمصر ئا طج اةع ج ا طمج صام ص ج. 4 º 0 ( 4 º º 0 5 º 4 0 ( fazal, ,9 005 Photogrammetry
3 و شكم رقى ( ) خبرطت يىقعيت ن طقت انذراضت يىضحت فيهب ان رئيت انفضبئيت ان هخقطت ويىاقع انبيذو بث ان ذروضت وتىضد صا دمصوإ ( ) صابااااش صا جعاج صاعي م عخممت في هذص صابحث مم م لااش فضالاج وئ صلت جاىاىجاج وطبىغ صفاج وئا طج مس صاع. 6 / 4 / 7 0 M TM Landsat 7 9 / 9 / 7 0 M TM Landsat \ I-8-B-SW 99 \ \ C 4 GARMIN GPS Global Position System GPS 49
4 Klimer & Alexander, Clod Blake, 965 CEC) 949 method Black,965 Richards, 954 ERDAS IMAGIN ( Version 8.6 ) Arc GIS ( Version 9. ) Tatuk GIS Pixel ( Base Map Savant, CO M (Richards, 954) Walkely Jackson, 958 )Black& Supervised Classification Unsupervised Classification Apline,et al.,997 Ochric Epipedon Calcic Endopedon Gypsic Endopedon Aridic Hyperthermic) Soil Survey Staff, 999 Aridisols Soil GPS 7 Survey Staff,99 Gypsids Calcigypsids Al agidi, 98 5
5 Medium loamy, palygorskitic, calcarreous,hyperthermic, of the Typic Calcigypsidis Pedon Great group Great group Family Soil Series Soil Series 949 system Soil Survey Staff 999 Al agidi 98 Soil Map of North Tikrit Project P Desert soil Calcigypsids FKE P Desert soil Calcigypsids FKE Machol Serirs : Coarse Loamy,hyperthermic,Family, mixed of Typic Calciorthids. P Desert soil Calcigypsids FKE AL- Khadrania Series : Fine Loamy,hyperthermic Family, Gypsid of Calcigypsiorthids. P 4 Desert soil Calcigypsids FKE AL Saffa Series : Fine Silty,hyperthermic Family, Gypsid of Typic Gypsiorthids. P 5 Desert soil Calcigypsids FKE Shargat Series : Coarse Silty,hyperthermic family.of Calcigypsiorthids. P 7 Desert soil Calcigypsids FKE Hatra series : Fine Loamy, hyperthermic, Family, Gypsid of Typic Gypsiorthids. P 6 Desert soil Haplocalcids Medium loamy, palygorskitic, Calcarreous, hyperthermic, of the Typic Haplocalcids FCE Sedaid Series : Fine Loamy, hyperthermic Family, mixed, of cambic Gypsiorthids. Extremely firm 4 Hue 0YR Abrupt Smooth Clear weak weak class Moderate Gradua Clear coarse very fine very fine Slightly Fibrous Extremely hard hard Friable 5
6 Pedon Horizon Depth(cm) Colour * Structure ** Consistence *** Boundary Notes A 0 0YR 5 / 6 ( m ) 0YR 7/ 4 d v.w.med.sbk s.h(d),firm(m) clear smooth v.few, v.fine ( B ) k 6 0YR 4 / 6 ( m ) 0YR 6 / 4 (d ) mod.med.sbk v.h(d),firm(m) clear smooth v.few, fine C k YR 4 / 4 (m) 0YR 6 / 4 (d) mod.f.sbk s.h(d) clear smooth Many Lime C ky YR 6 / 6 (d) w.c.sbk s.h(d) clear smooth C y YR 4 / 6 (d)) w.v.c.sbk ext.h(d) Pedon A 0 4 0YR 4 /4 ( moist ) 0YR 6/ 4 (d) w.med.mod.sbk s.h (d) clear smooth ( B ) k 4 5 0YR 4 / 6 ( m ) mod.c.sbk v.h (d) clear smooth C y 5 4 0YR 6 / 4(m) Med.sbk v.h (d) clear smooth C y 4 6 0YR 6 / 4(m) mod.v.c.sbk v.h (d) clear smooth C y YR 6/(d) w.v.c.sbk ext.h (d) Pedon A 0 0 0YR 6 / 4 (d) Single graine massive.c s.h.fri(m) clear smooth ( B ) k 0 0 0YR 4 / 6 ( m ) 0YR 6 / 4 (d) mod.c.sbk s.h.fri(m) clear smooth C k YR 4 / 4 (m) 0YR 6 / 4 (d) Med.sbk. v.h(d).firm(m) clear smooth Excumulation of lime 0% of surface. C k YR 6 / 6 (d) mod.v.c.sbk. v.h(d).ext.firm(m) clear smooth C y YR 4 / 6 (d) mod.v.c.sbk ext.h(d).v.firm(m) clear smooth Excumulation of gypsum in soil matrix. C 4y YR 4 / 6(d) mod.med.sbk h(d).v.firm(m) Pedon 4 A 0 0 0YR 5 / 4 ( m) 0YR 6/ (d) w.c.sbk. s.h(d).firm(m) abrupt smooth v.few, v.fine roots ( B ) ky 0 4 0YR 7 / ( d ) 0YR 5/ 4 ( m ) Mod.v.c.angular blocky v.h(d).v.firm(m) clear smooth v.few, v.fine roots C ky YR 7 / (d) 0YR 6 / 4 (m) w.med.sbk s.h(d).v.fri(m) clear smooth C y YR 7/ (d) 0YR 7/ 4 (m) w.med.sbk v.h(d).h(m) clear smooth C y YR 7 / (d). 0YR 6 / 4 ( m) mod.med.sbk. v.h(d).v.firm(m) gradual smooth Excumulation of gypsum in the soil matrix. C 4y YR 7/ dry. 0YR 6 / 4 ( m) mod.med.sbk. v.h(d).v.firm(m) Excumulation of gypsum in the soil matrix. * (d) = dry (m) = moist ** v.w = very weak mod = moderate med = medium f = fine c = coarse sbk = subangular blocky *** s = slight h = hard ext = extremely fri = friable 4
7 * (d) = dry (m) = moist Pedon 5 Horizon Depth(cm) Colour * Structure ** Consistence *** Boundary Notes A 0 9 0YR 5 / 6 (d) 0YR 4 / 4 (m) w.v.fine.sbk loose(puffy) abrupt smooth Excumulation of salts. ( B ) k 9 7 0YR 5 / (m) w.fine.sbk s.h.(d).firm (m) clear smooth Many excumulation of lime 65% of the soil matrix. C k 7 5 0YR 6 / 4 (d) w.v.c.sbk v.h (d) clear smooth Excumulation of lime + gypsum C ky YR 5 / 4 (m) mod.c.sbk v.firm(m) gradual smooth Excumulation of gypsum. C y YR 5 / 4 (m) mod.v.c.sbk ext.firm(m) gradual smooth Excumulation of gypsum. Pedon A YR 5 / 4 (m) mod.v.c.sbk ext.firm(m) ( B ) k Pedon 6 C y 0 5 0YR 4 / 6 (m). 7/ (d) w.v.c.sbk v.h(d).v.firm(m) abrupt smooth v.fine. fibrous roots. C y 5 7 0YR 5/ 6 (m), 0YR 7 / (d) w.med.sbk s.h(d) clear smooth C y 7 0YR 7 / (d) mod.med.sbk h.(d) gradual smooth Crystals of gypsum. Pedon A YR 5 / 4 (d) w.c.sbk ext.h(d) gradual smooth ( B ) k YR 4 /6. (d) w.v.c.sbk ext.h(d) C k Pedon 7 C k 0 5 0YR 6/ (d) Plate s.h(d) abrupt smooth Few. v.fine. fibreuos roots. C y 5 5 0YR 6 / 4 (d) strong.fine.sbk s.h(d) clear smooth Few. v.fine. fibreuos roots. C 4y YR 6/6 (d) mod.c.sbk s.h(d) gradual smooth Pedon 4 A YR 7 / (d) w.v.c.sbk ext.h(d) clear smooth Many stones between few cm up to fifteen in size boulders. ( B ) ky YR 7/ (d) w.v.c.sbk ext.h(d) Crystals of gypsum C ky 0 9 0YR 5 / 6 (d) 0YR 4 / 4 (m) w.v.fine.sbk loose(puffy) abrupt smooth Excumulation of salts. C y 9 7 0YR 5 / (m) w.fine.sbk s.h.(d).firm (m) clear smooth Many excumulation of lime 65% of the soil matrix. C y 7 5 0YR 6 / 4 (d) w.v.c.sbk v.h (d) clear smooth Excumulation of lime + gypsum C 4y YR 5 / 4 (m) mod.c.sbk v.firm(m) gradual smooth Excumulation of gypsum. * * v.w = very weak mod = moderate med = medium f = fine c = coarse sbk = subangular blocky * ** s = slight h = hard ext = extremely fri = friable 4
8 ERDAS ,7 Loamy Sandy Loam Clay Loam 5 Sand Loam Sand sand Loamy Sand Loam Loam Clay Loam ) ) ) Goosens & Ranst,
9 Pedon PH : 5 األفق انكثبفت انظبهريت 4- ييكبغراو.و االيصبنيت انكهرببئيت ديطي - ض س.و انطعت انخببدنيت انكبحيى يت - ض خ ىل.شح ت.كغى انجبص انكبربى بث انكهيت غى.كغى ان بدة انعضىيت - غى.كغى Pedon Pedon Pedon Pedon ان طجت S L L LS SCL LS SCL SCL CL CL CL SCL L SCL L انخىزيع انحج ي نذقبئق انخربت - غى.كغى انطي انغري انريم انع ق)ضى( A ( B ) k C k C ky C y A ( B ) k C y C y C y A ( B ) k C k C k C y C 4y A ( B ) ky C ky C y C y C 4y A A k ( B ) k C ky C ky C ky C 4ky
10 5 Pedon 6 PH : األفق انع ق)ضى( 0 5 ان طجت L انكثبفت انظبهريت 4- ييكبغراو.و االيصبنيت انكهرببئيت ديطي - ض س.و ان بدة انعضىيت - غى.كغى 7.9 انطعت انخببدنيت انكبحيى يت - ض خ ىل.شح ت.كغى انجبص انكبربى بث انكهيت 50 - غى.كغى انخىزيع انحج ي نذقبئق انخربت - غى.كغى انطي انغري انريم A ( B ) k C k C k C k C 4k Pedon CL A L ( B ) k C k C ky C ky C 4ky
11 Band Combination 99, Goosens & Ranst, 998 Bands Mean Standard deviation Coefficient of variation * * * 6 Bands Mean Standard deviation Coefficient of variation * * * 7 Sand Sheet ERDAS 8.6 Arc GIS 57
12 7_5_ 7 Pixels
13 7_5_ 7 8 Arc GIS Arc cataloge Polygon Arc GIS Smbology Layers
14 صا لاج صافضالاج 8 صألال ا صاةىن صا ساحج كم صألوإ.4 صاثااي صاثااث صا ص ت صاخامس صاسارس صا سبج صا ئىيج.55 صا اطك صا ثةج ا حمةاا صاكثبان صا مةاج صألوإ صابمون صاثااث (FKE) صابمون صاخامس (FKE) صابمون صألوإ (FKE ) صا ص ت صابمون صاسارس (FCE) صابمون صاثااي وصا ص ت وصاسا ت (FKE),( FKE) صاسارس صألال ا صاةىن صا ساحج كم صاثااي صاثااث صاخامس صا سبج صا ئىيج صا اطك صا ثةج ا حمةاا صاكثبان صا مةاج صابمون صاثااث (FKE) صابمون صاخامس (FKE) صابمون صاسارس (FCE) صابمون صاثااي وصا ص ت صاسا ت (FKE),( FKE) صابمون صألوإ (FKE ) 7_5_ 7 4 Arc GIS Layers 6
15 GPS 5 0 Arc GIS )FKE( الممثلت بالبيذون السابع )FCE( الممثلت بالبيذون السادس وحذة الكثبان الرمليت (FKE) الممثلت بالبيذون الثالث (FKE) جنوب غرب منطقت الذراست والممثلت بالبيذون الثالث (FKE) الممثلت بالبيذون الخامس (FKE) جنوب منطقت الذراست والممثلت بالبيذون الخامس (FKE) شرق منطقت الذراست والممثلت بالبيذون الخامس (FKE) الممثلت بالبيذون األول (FKE) شمال منطقت الذراست والممثلت بالبيذون السابع (FKE) الممثلت بالبيذون الثاني (FKE) الممثلت بالبيذون الرابع البيذون الخامس شمال منطقت الذراست( FKE ) (FKE) الممثلت بالبيذون الثاني (FKE) الممثلت بالبيذون الرابع والسابع (FKE) شمال منطقت الذراست والممثلت بالبيذون الخامس (FKE) الممثلت بالبيذون األول (FKE) الممثلت بالبيذون الثالث وحذة الكثبان الرمليت جنوب غرب (FKE) الممثلت بالبيذون الخامس (FCE) الممثلت بالبيذون السادس (FKE) وسط منطقت الذراست والممثلت البيذون الخامس (FKE) شرق منطقت الذراست والممثلت بالبيذون الخامس (FKE) جنوب منطقت الذراست والممثلت بالبيذون الخامس وحذة الكثبان الرمليت شمال غرب منطقت الذراست 6
16 7_5_ 7 5 Arc GIS Polygon Arc Arc GIS Layers GIS 6 6
17 0 تيئر نا تيئبضفنا فب صلأا لولأا ي بثنا ثنبثنا عبارنا صيبخنا شدبطنا عببطنا يبثنا عضبخنا وذبنا لولأا (FKE) وذبنا ي بثنا (FKE) وذبنا ثنبثنا (FKE) وذبنا عبارنا (FKE) وذبنا صيبخنا (FKE) وذبنا شدبطنا (FCE) وذبنا عببطنا (FKE) ببثكنا تيهيرنا بيدىنا اىنلأا تحبط نا ىك تبط نا تيىئ نا تحبط نا ىك تبط نا تيىئ نا تحبط نا ىك تبط نا تيىئ نا تحبط نا ىك تبط نا تيىئ نا تحبط نا ىك تبط نا تيىئ نا تحبط نا ىك تبط نا تيىئ نا تحبط نا ىك تبط نا تيىئ نا تحبط نا ىك تبط نا تيىئ نا تحبط نا ىك تبط نا تيىئ نا
18 7_5_ 7 6 Arc GIS Layers Arc GIS وحذة الكثبان الرمليت )FKE( الممثلت بالبيذون السابع )FKE( الممثلت بالبيذون الثالث )FKE( شمال منطقت الذراست والممثلت بالبيذون السابع )FKE( شمال منطقت الذراست والممثلت بالبيذون الخامس )FKE( الممثلت بالبيذون األول والثاني و) FKE ( الممثلت بالبيذون الرابع )FKE( جنوب شرق منطقت الذراست والممثلت بالبيذون الثالث )FKE( جنوب غرب منطقت الذراست والممثلت بالبيذون الثالث )FKE( بمحاراة الكثبان الرمليت والممثلت بالبيذون الثالث )FKE( الممثلت بالبيذون الخامس )FKE( شرق منطقت الذراست والممثلت بالبيذون الخامس البيذون )FCE( الممثلت بالبيذون السادس البيذون )FKE( جنوب منطقت الذراست والممثلت بالبيذون السابع )FKE( جنوب منطقت الذراست والممثلت بالبيذون الخامس وحذة الكثبان الرمليت غرب منطقت الذراست وحذة الكثبان الرمليت جنوب غرب منطقت الذراست )FKE( الممثلت بالبيذون الخامس )FKE( الممثلت بالبيذون األول ) FKE ( الممثلت بالبيذون الثالث )FKE( الممثلت بالبيذون الثاني )FCE( الممثلت بالبيذون السادس )FKE( الممثلت بالبيذون الثاني )FKE( الممثلت بالبيذون السابع )FKE( وسط منطقت الذراست الممثلت بالبيذون الرابع )FKE( شمال منطقت الذراست والممثلت بالبيذون الرابع )FKE( شمال منطقت الذراست والممثلت بالبيذون الثاني )FKE( جنوب شرق منطقت الذراست والممثلت بالبيذون السابع وحذة الكثبان الرمليت شمال غرب منطقت الذراست 64
19 Fazal, Shahab.(008). GIS Basic. New age Internatinal Publishers, First edition:008.9p. Jackson,M.L.,(958).Soil Chemical Analaysis.Prentic-Hall Inc.Engle wood, Cliffs, N.J. Kilmer,V.J. and Alexander,L.T.(949). Methods of making mechanical analysis of soils. Soil.Sci. 68:5-4. Parry.R.B.& Perkins C.R.(987). World Mapping Today, University of Reading,Dep of Geography,UK. Rants, Eric V.Goossens R.998. The use of Remote Sensing to map gypsiferous soil in the Ismailia province (Egypt) Geoderma J. 87: Richards,L.A.(Ed).(954). Dignosis and imporvement of Saline and alkali soils. Agriculture Handbook 60. USDA.. Savant,N.K,994.Simplified-methylone-blue-methodfor-rapiddetermination-of CEC-of-mineral- Soil.Soil-Sci. plant.anal.5:56-64p. Soil Survey Staff.(99). Soil Survey manual, USDA. Handbook no 8,US Government printing office Washington.D.C.040. Soil Survey Staff.(999). Soil taxonomy.abasic method for making & interpereting soil Surveys. nd ed. USDA. NRCS agric hand 46- U.S. GOV.print. Office, Washington. Calcids Gypsids Aridisols AL- Agidi. W.K.(98). Proposed Soil Classification at the Series Level for IraqiSoil : II- Zonal Soils, Baghdad Uni.Tech.Bull No.. Apline, P.,atkinson P.M. and Curran, P.J.(997). Fine Spatial Resolution Satalite Sensors for the Next Decad, INT J.Remote Sensing, Vol. 8 No.8:pp Black,C.A.(965). Methods of soil analysis. Amer.Sco.of Agron.No.9 part Madson Wisconsin (U.S.A):770p.
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